医院废物是指医院所有需要丢弃、不能再利用的废物，包括生物性的和非生物性的，也包括生活垃圾。医疗废物是指在病人进行诊断、治疗、护理等活动的过程中产生的废物。医疗废物中可能含有大量病原微生物和有害化学物质，甚至会有放射性和损伤性物质，因此医疗废物是引起疾病传播或相关公共卫生问题的重要危险性因素。

Hospital waste refers to all waste that needs to be discarded and cannot be reused in hospitals, including biological and non biological waste, as well as household waste. Medical waste refers to the waste generated during the diagnosis, treatment, care and other activities of patients. Medical waste may contain a large amount of pathogenic microorganisms, harmful chemicals, and even radioactive and damaging substances, making it an important risk factor for disease transmission or related public health issues.

分类

classification

《医疗废物分类目录》将医疗废物分为5类∶

The Classification Catalogue of Medical Waste divides medical waste into 5 categories:

感染性废物

Infectious waste

感染性废物是指携带病原微生物具有引发感染性疾病传播危险的医疗废物，包括被病人血液、体液、排泄物污染的物品，传染病病人产生的垃圾等医疗废物塑料制品；

Infectious waste refers to medical waste that carries pathogenic microorganisms and is dangerous to cause the spread of infectious diseases, including articles contaminated by patients' blood, body fluids, excreta, garbage generated by infectious disease patients and other medical waste plastic products;

病理性废物

Pathological waste

病理性废物是指在诊疗过程中产生的人体废弃物和医学试验动物尸体，包括手术中产生的废弃人体组织、病理切片后废弃的人体组织、病理腊块等；

Pathological waste refers to human waste and medical experimental animal carcasses generated during the diagnosis and treatment process, including discarded human tissue generated during surgery, discarded human tissue after pathological sectioning, pathological wax blocks, etc;

损伤性废物

Harmful waste

损伤性废物是指能够刺伤或割伤人体的废弃的医用锐器，包括医用针、解剖刀、手术刀、玻璃试管等；

Harmful waste refers to discarded medical sharps that can puncture or cut the human body, including medical needles, dissecting knives, surgical knives, glass test tubes, etc;

药物性废物

Pharmaceutical waste

药物性废物是指过期、淘汰、变质或被污染的废弃药品，包括废弃的一般性药品,，废弃的细胞毒性药物和遗传毒性药物等；

Pharmaceutical waste refers to expired, eliminated, deteriorated or contaminated discarded drugs, including discarded general drugs, discarded cytotoxic drugs, and genotoxic drugs;

化学性废物

Chemical waste

化学性废物是指具有毒性、腐蚀性、易燃易爆性的废弃化学物品，如废弃的化学试剂、化学消毒剂、汞血压计、汞温度计等。

Chemical waste refers to waste chemicals that are toxic, corrosive, flammable, and explosive, such as discarded chemical reagents, chemical disinfectants, mercury sphygmomanometers, mercury thermometers, etc.

危害

harm

1、土壤的污染

1. Soil pollution

医疗废物伴随医疗服务过程而发生，如处置不当，任意露天堆放，不仅占用大量的土地，导致可利用土地资源的减少，而且大量的有毒废渣或废液在自然界到处流放，很容易就接触到土壤，有的医疗卫生机构甚至将医疗废物简单掩埋，这对土壤的污染则是非常大的。而医疗废物的有毒物质一旦进入土壤，会被土壤所吸附，对土壤造成污染，杀死土壤中的微生物和原生动物，破坏土壤中的微生态，反过来又会降低土壤对污染物的降解能力；其中的酸、碱和盐类等物质会改变土壤的性质和结构，导致土质酸化、碱化、硬化，影响植物根系的发育和生长，破坏生态环境；同时，许多有毒的有机物和重金属会在植物体内积蓄，人体吸入后，对肝脏和神经系统会造成严重损害，诱发癌症和使胎儿畸形。

Medical waste occurs during the medical service process. If not properly disposed of and stacked in the open air, it not only occupies a large amount of land, leading to a reduction in available land resources, but also a large amount of toxic waste residue or waste liquid is scattered throughout nature, making it easy to come into contact with the soil. Some medical and health institutions even bury medical waste, which can cause significant soil pollution. Once the toxic substances of medical waste enter the soil, they will be adsorbed by the soil, causing pollution, killing microorganisms and protozoa in the soil, damaging the soil's microecology, and in turn, reducing the soil's ability to degrade pollutants; The acids, alkalis, and salts in it can alter the properties and structure of the soil, leading to soil acidification, alkalization, and hardening, affecting the development and growth of plant roots, and damaging the ecological environment; At the same time, many toxic organic compounds and heavy metals can accumulate in plants. Inhalation by the human body can cause serious damage to the liver and nervous system, leading to cancer and fetal malformations.

2、水域的污染

2. Pollution of water bodies

医疗废物可以通过多种途径污染水体，如可随地表径流进入河流湖泊，或随风迁徙落入水体，特别是当医疗废物露天放置或者混入生活废物露天堆放时，有害物质在雨水作用下，很容易流入江河湖海，造成水体的严重污染与破坏。最为严重的是有些医疗卫生机构甚至将医疗废物直接倒入河流、湖泊或沿海海域中，造成更大污染。其中的有毒有害物质进入水体后，首先会导致水质恶化，对人类饮用水安全造成威胁，危害人体健康；其次会影响水生生物正常生长，甚至会杀死水中生物，破坏水体生态平衡；医疗废物中往往含有重金属和人工合成的有机物，这些物质大都稳定性极高，难以降解，水体一旦遭受污染就很难恢复；对于含有传染性病原菌的医疗废物，一旦进入水体，将会迅速引起传染性疾病的快速蔓延，后果不堪设想。许多有机类医疗废物长期堆放后也会和城市废物一样产生渗滤液。渗滤液危害众所周知，它可进入土壤使地下水受污染，或直接流入河流、湖泊和海洋，造成水资源的水质型短缺。

Medical waste can pollute water bodies through various means, such as entering rivers and lakes through surface runoff, or migrating into water bodies with the wind. Especially when medical waste is placed outdoors or mixed with household waste, harmful substances can easily flow into rivers, lakes, and seas under the action of rainwater, causing serious pollution and damage to the water body. The most serious issue is that some medical and health institutions even dump medical waste directly into rivers, lakes, or coastal waters, causing greater pollution. After the toxic and harmful substances enter the water body, they will first cause the water quality to deteriorate, posing a threat to the safety of human drinking water and endangering human health; Secondly, it will affect the normal growth of aquatic organisms and even kill aquatic organisms, disrupting the ecological balance of the water body; Medical waste often contains heavy metals and artificially synthesized organic compounds, most of which have extremely high stability and are difficult to degrade. Once the water body is polluted, it is difficult to recover; For medical waste containing infectious pathogens, once it enters the water, it will quickly cause the rapid spread of infectious diseases, and the consequences are unimaginable. Many organic medical waste will also produce leachate after long-term storage, just like urban waste. The harm of leachate is well-known, as it can enter the soil and pollute groundwater, or directly flow into rivers, lakes, and oceans, causing water quality shortages.

3、大气的污染

3. Air pollution

医疗废物在堆放过程中，在温度、水分的作用下，某些有机物质发生分解，产生有害气体；有些医疗废物本身含有大量的易挥发的有机物，在堆放过程中还会自燃，放出CO2、SO2等气体，不仅污染环境，而且火势一旦蔓延，则难以救护；以微粒状态存在的医疗废物，在大风吹动下，将随风飞扬，扩散至远处，既污染环境，影响人体健康，又会玷污建筑物、花果树木，影响市容与卫生，扩大危害面积与范围；此外，医疗废物在运输与处理的过程中，如不采用严格的封闭措施，产生的有害气体和粉尘也是十分严重的。扩散到大气中的有害气体和粉尘不但会造成大气质量的恶化，而且一旦进入人体和其他生物群落．还会危害到人类健康和生态平衡 [1]。

During the stacking process of medical waste, certain organic substances decompose under the influence of temperature and moisture, producing harmful gases; Some medical waste itself contains a large amount of volatile organic matter, which will self ignite during the stacking process, releasing gases such as CO2 and SO2, not only polluting the environment, but also making it difficult to rescue once the fire spreads; Medical waste in the form of particles, when blown by strong winds, will fly and spread far away, polluting the environment and affecting human health, as well as contaminating buildings, flowers, fruits, and trees, affecting urban appearance and hygiene, and expanding the area and scope of harm; In addition, during the transportation and treatment of medical waste, if strict sealing measures are not adopted, the harmful gases and dust generated are also very serious. The harmful gases and dust that diffuse into the atmosphere not only cause deterioration of atmospheric quality, but also pose a threat to human health and ecological balance once they enter human and other biological communities.